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Cuervo Nation
History
The name of the tribe, Apsalooke (IPA: [psaloke]), was translated into French by performers like gens du Corbeaux (The people of [the] crows.) Which means "sons of the great bird beak", a name given by their neighboring tribe, the Hidatsa. The bird, perhaps now extinct, was defined as a fork-tailed bird resembling the blue jay or magpie. In 1743 near present-day Hardin, Montana, Absaroka first encounter with people of European descent – the two brothers La Vrendryes of French Canada. The explorers called beaux hommes Apsalooke (handsome men). The raven called baashchile French Canadians (those with yellow eyes.)
Some historians believe that early initiation of Crow Hidatsa ancestral tribe was near the headwaters of the Mississippi River in either northern Minnesota or Wisconsin, others placed in the area of Manitoba in Winnipeg. Later, people moved to the region of Diablo Lake in North Dakota before the Crow split from the Hidatsa and moved westward. Once established in Montana and Wyoming, the Crow with time divided into two groups: the Mountain Crow and River Crow.
Geography
The Crow Indian Reservation in south-central Montana is a large reservoir that covers approximately 2.3 million acres of land area, the fifth largest Indian reservation largest U.S.. The reserve is primarily in Big Horn and Yellowstone counties with ceded lands in Rosebud, Carbon and Treasure counties. the eastern boundary of the Crow India reserves the meridian 107, except along the northern boundary line of Cheyenne Indian Reservation. The southern boundary line is from the 107th meridian west to the east bank of the Big Horn River. The line travels downstream to Big Horn National Recreation Area and west of the Pryor Mountains and north to Billings. The northern border Travel to the east and near Hardin, Montana, and the meridian 107. The 2000 census recorded a total population of 6,894 in the reserve lands. Its largest community is Crow Agency.
Culture
"Eight prisoners in custody Crow of Crow Agency, Montana, 1887"
Group of Crow men seated in front of a tipi.
Traditional shelters Raven teepees are made with bison skins stretched over wooden poles. The crow is historically known for building some of the largest tipis. Inside the tipi, mattresses and buffalo leather seats are arranged around the edge, with a fireplace in the center. The smoke from the fire escaped through a hole at the top of the tipi. Many Crow families still own and use the tipi, especially when traveling. Crow Fair has been described as the largest gathering of tipis in the world.
H-ra-ta, a brave, oil painting by George Catlin, Fort Union 1832
The Crow wore traditional clothing distinguished by gender. Women wore simple clothes – dressed deer and buffalo skins, decorated with elk teeth. They covered their legs with leggings during the winter and your feet with moccasins. Crow women wore their hair in two braids, unlike men. Male clothing usually consisted of a shirt adorned with a mesh belt, a robe and moccasins. His Hair was long, in some cases reaching or dragging the ground, and often part was designed in a plume.
The main source Crows of bison food, but also hunted mountain sheep, deer and other game. Buffalo meat is often grilled or cooked in a broth with prairie turnips. The rump, language, liver, heart, kidneys, and all were considered delicacies. Dry ground bison meat with fat and berries to make pemmican.
The crow was more horses than any other tribe of the Plains, in 1914 amounting to some 30 to 40,000 head. In 1921 their horses had been reduced to barely a thousand. There were also many dogs, a source told five or six hundred. Unlike some other tribes, who do not eat dog. The Crow were a nomadic people.
The crow is organized by matrilineal descent. After marriage, the couple was matrilocal (the husband moved to the house of the mother of the woman after marriage). Women held an important role within the tribe.
Crow kinship is a system used to define the family. Identified by Louis Henry Morgan in his 1871 work Systems of Consanguinity and affinity of the human family, the Crow system is one of the six major types among indigenous described: Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Crow, Omaha, and Sudanese.
Government
Pauline Small on horseback. She carries the flag of the Crow tribe of Indians. As a tribal official has the right to carry the flag during the parade Crow Fair.
The seat of government and capital of the India Reserve Crow is Crow Agency, Montana.
Before the 2001 Constitution, the Crow Nation was governed by a Constitution of 1948. The previous constitution organized the tribe as a General Council (Tribal Council). The General Council will, in essence, executive, legislative and judicial branches of government, and was composed of all the registered members of the Crow Nation, provided that women were 18 or older and men were 21 years or more. The General Council is a direct democracy, comparable to that of ancient Athens.
The Crow Nation, or Crow Tribe of Indians established a government of three branches in a 2001 Council Meeting. The new government is known as the 2001 Constitution. The General Council remains the governing body of the tribe, however, the powers were distributed to a government of three branches. In theory, the General Council remains the governing body of the Crow Nation, however, in fact, the General Council has not convened since the establishment of the 2001 Constitution.
The executive branch has four employees. These officers are known as President, Vice President, Secretary and Deputy Secretary. Executive branch officials are also officials of the Crow Tribal General Council, which has not meeting since July 15, 2001. These officials established the Constitution of 2001.
The Legislative Branch consists of three members from each district in the reserve india Cuervo. Crow Indian Reservation is divided into six districts known as The Valley of the Chiefs, Reno, Black Lodge, Mighty few, Big Horn, and Pryor Districts. The Valley of the Chiefs District is the largest district of the population.
The judicial branch consists of all courts established by law and code Crow order and in accordance with the Constitution of 2001. The judiciary has jurisdiction over all matters defined in the Crow Law and Order Code. The Judicial Branch tries be a separate and distinct branch of government legislative and executive branches of the Crow tribal government. The Judiciary is made up of elected Chief Justice and two Associate Justices. The Crow Court of Appeals, as the State Court of Appeals, receives all appeals from lower courts. The Chief Judge of the Crow Nation is Angela Russell.
Constitution of the dispute
According to the 1948 Constitution, Resolution 63-01, all constitutional amendments must be voted on by secret vote or referendum. In 2001, major actions were taken by former President Birdinground without complying with the requirements. Quarterly Council Meeting July 15, 2001 approved all the resolutions by voice vote, including the measure to repeal the current constitution and approve a new constitution. The opposition has arisen to challenge the validity of the new constitution. The challenge is now in Crow Tribal Courts awaiting a decision.
Critics argue that the new Constitution is contrary to the spirit of the Crow Nation, providing the authority of the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs (BIA) to pass legislation Crow and decisions. The Crow people have kept their sovereignty and treaty rights. Alleged new Constitution was not voted to add to the agenda of the Tribal Council. The Constitution previous mandate for constitutional changes through referendum be held, using the method of election by secret ballot and criteria. In addition, a constitutional change can only take place very high in an election that was never approved by the Council's action to the 2001 Constitution. The agenda was not voted or accepted at the council.
The only vote in the council was whether to hold the vote by voice vote or walk through the line. Critics say that the President ignored and suppressed attempts to discuss the Constitution. This advice and constitutional change was never ratified by any subsequent action by the Council. The Secretary tribal, who was removed from office by BirdinGround Administration, was the leader of the opposition. Therefore, all the activity took place without his signature.
When the opposition objected, alleging violation of the Constitution of the process and the right to vote, the Administration is requesting approval Birdinground States States Department of Interior (USDOI), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The latter said he could not intervene in internal tribal matter. The federal court also ruled that the constitutional change is an internal tribal matter. [Citation needed]
Leadership
For more information: Crow Tribal Administration
Crow Tribal Chairman Carl Venne Council and Barack Obama at a rally of Obama's presidential campaign in the Crow Indian Reservation in Montana on May 19, 2008. Obama was the first presidential candidate to visit the Crow Nation.
The Crow Nation has traditionally elected a president of the Crow Tribal Council every two years; However, in 2001, the mandate was extended to four years. The former president was Carl Venne. The president serves as chief executive, chairman, and most Crow Tribal Council leader. The constitutional reform of 2001 created a government of three branches. The president acts as head of the executive branch, including the offices of vice-president, Secretary, Deputy Secretary, and tribal offices and departments of the Crow Tribal Administration. Nome Clara chairs are remarkable, Edison Real Bird, and Robert "Robie" Yellow.
Popular culture
The tribe hosts a celebration of dance, rodeo, and the annual parade, the 86 Crow Fair was held in Crow Agency of August 17 to August 21, 2006. Baasaxpilue call (to make much noise), is the largest and most spectacular of Indian celebrations in the northern Plains. Photographer Elsa Spear Byron photographed the Crow Fair from 1911 to the 1950.
Angus Young, an old crow and the historian and professor at Little Big Horn College, appeared in the 2006 series of PBS television series Frontier House.
In the documentary Native Spirit and the Sun Dance Way, Thomas Yellowtail, a Crow Medicine Man and Sun Dance chief for over thirty years describes and explains the ancient Sun Dance ceremony that is sacred to the Crow tribe. In the movie Legends of the Fall, based on the novel by Jim Harrison, actor Gordon Tootoosis Yellow spoke words to discuss the preservation of cultural and spiritual world before the arrival of European settlers.
In 2007, Medicine Crow's grandson Joe Medicine Crow appears on the PBS series by Ken Burns The War (documentary).
On May 19, 2008, Hartford and Mary Black Eagle of the Crow Nation adopted U.S. Senator (now President) Barack Obama to the tribe at the date of the first visit by a U.S. presidential candidate the nation. Cuervo representatives also participated in the inaugural parade of President Obama.
See also
Crow language
Crow mythology
Notes
^ Johnson, Kirk (July 24, 2008), "A state that never existed in Wyoming", The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/24/us/24wpa.html?_r = 1 & oref = slogin
^ Letter No. 8 George Catlin "… most of them were over six feet tall and many of them have cultivated their natural hair such a length of almost unbelievable, sweeping the floor as you walk, there are frequent cases of this kind, including, in some cases, a foot or more that crawls on the grass as walking, give grace and beauty over their movements. In general, oil from your den with a profusion of bear grease every morning "
^ Elsa Spear Byron Collection
^ PBS – Frontier House: Frontier Life
^ Http://blog.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/05/19/obama_adopted_into_crow_nation.html
References
The Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1983, paperback, ISBN 0-8032-7909-4
The world of the Crow Indians: As Driftwood Lodges, Rodney Frey, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1987, hardcover, ISBN 0-8061-2076-2
Stories that the world: the oral literature of indigenous peoples in the interior Northwest. Aripa as told by Lawrence, Tom Yellowtail and other elders. Rodney Frey, edited. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1995, paperback, ISBN 0-8061-3131-4
The Crow and the Eagle: A Tribal History from Lewis and Clark to Custer, Keith Algiers, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho, 1993, paperback, ISBN 0-87004-357-9
From The Heart of The Country Crow: Stories of the Crow Indians own, Joseph Medicine Crow, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000, paperback, ISBN 0-8032-8263-X
Apsaalooka: The Crow Nation Then and Now, Helene Smith and Lloyd G. Mickey Old Coyote, MacDonald / SWRD Publishing Company, Greensburg, Pennsylvania, 1992, paperback, ISBN 0-945437-11-0
Parading through history: The Production Crow Nation in America 1805-1935, Frederick E. Hoxie, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995, hardcover, ISBN 0-521-48057-4
The Beautiful People: A History of the Crow Indians and the whites, Charles Bradley, Council of Indigenous Education, 1991, paperback, ISBN 0-89992-130-2
Myths and Traditions Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, AMS Press, 1980, hardcover, ISBN 0-404-11872-0
The social life of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, AMS Press, 1912, hardcover ISBN 0-404-11875-5
Material Culture of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, The Trustees hardcover, 1922, ASIN B00085WH80
The Society of Indian Snuff Crow, Robert H. Lowie, The Trustees hardcover, 1919, ASIN B00086IFRG
The religion of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, The Trustees hardcover, 1922, ASIN B00086IFQM
The Crow Sun Dance, Robert Lowie, 1914, hardcover, ASIN B0008CBIOW
Minor Ceremonies of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, American Museum Press, 1924, hardcover, ASIN B00086D3NC
Crow Indian Art, Robert H. Lowie, the Board of Trustees, 1922, ASIN B00086D6RK
The Crow Tongue, Robert H. Lowie, University of California Press, 1941, hardcover, ASIN B0007EKBDU
The Way of the Warrior: Stories of the Crow People, Henry Old Coyote and Barney Old Coyote, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2003, ISBN 0-8032-3572-0
Two Leggings: The formation of a Crow Warrior, Peter Nabokov, Crowell Publishing Co., 1967, hardcover, ASIN B0007EN16O
Long-coups: Chief of the Crows, Frank B. Linderman, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1962, paperback, ISBN 0-8032-5121-1
Pretty-shield: Medicine Woman of the Crows, Frank B. Linderman, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1974, paperback, ISBN 0-8032-8025-4
They Call Me Agnes: A Crow Narrative Based on the life of Agnes Yellowtail Deernose, Fred W. And Mary K. Vogel Mee, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 1995, hardcover, ISBN 0-8061-2695-7
Mackerel, Crow Medicine Man and Sun Dance chief: an autobiography, Michael Oren Fitzgerald, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991 hardcover, ISBN 0-8061-2602-7
Grandmother's grandchild: my Crow Indian Life, Alma Hogan Snell, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000, hardcover, ISBN 0-8032-4277-8
Memoirs of a White Crow Indian, Thomas H. Leforge, The Century Co., 1928, hardcover, ASIN B00086PAP6
Radical Hope. Ethics in the face of devastation cultural, Jonathan Lear, Harvard University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-674-02329-3
External Links
The free encyclopedia Wikipedia, has media related to: Raven
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 British Encyclopdia article Crow Indians.
Crow tribal website
Cuervo Website Tribal Council
Little Big Horn College Library
Smithsonian
2001 Constitution
1948 Constitution
Photo exhibition on the Crow Indians, with a brief overview of the lifestyle of the 21 century, Untold London
Crow Collection of historic photographs
List The Ravens Heads, Small Library Big Horn College.
Categories: Crow tribe | Landmarks in Montana | Indian reservations in Montana | Native tribes Americans in Montana | Black Hills War | Plains tribesHidden categories: the "related ethnic groups" needing confirmation | All Items with no source statements | Articles with no source statements from January 2010 | Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2009 | All no text citations in the text About the Author
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